Multi-bit memory storage device and method of operating same

ABSTRACT

A ferroelectric field-effect transistor (FeFET) configured as a multi-bit storage device, the FeFET including: a semiconductor substrate that has a source region in the semiconductor substrate, and a drain region in the semiconductor substrate; a gate stack over the semiconductor substrate, with the source region and the drain region extending to opposite sides of the gate stack, the gate stack including a ferroelectric layer over the semiconductor substrate, and a gate region over the ferroelectric layer. The transistor also includes first and second ends of the ferroelectric layer which are proximal correspondingly to the source and drain regions. The ferroelectric layer includes dipoles. A first set of dipoles at the first end of the ferroelectric layer has a first polarization. A second set of dipoles at the second end of the ferroelectric layer has a second polarization, the second polarization being substantially opposite of the first polarization.

PRIORITY CLAIM AND CROSS-REFERENCE

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional PatentApplication No. 63/032,082, filed May 29, 2020, which is incorporated byreference herein in its entirety.

BACKGROUND

The memory cell is the fundamental building block of memory. It can beimplemented using different technologies, such as bipolar, metal oxidesemiconductor (MOS), and other semiconductor devices. It can also bebuilt from magnetic material such as ferrite cores or magnetic bubbles.Regardless of the implementation technology used, the purpose of thebinary memory cell is the same, namely storing one bit of binaryinformation. In some approaches, the memory cell is set to store a 1 andreset to store a zero.

A ferroelectric field-effect transistor (FeFET) is a type offield-effect transistor (FET) that includes a layer of ferroelectricmaterial sandwiched between the gate electrode and source-drainconduction region of the device. FeFET based devices are used in FeFETmemory—a type of single transistor binary non-volatile memory.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Aspects of the present disclosure are best understood from the followingdetailed description when read with the accompanying FIGS. It is notedthat, in accordance with the standard practice in the industry, variousfeatures are not drawn to scale. In fact, the dimensions of the variousfeatures may be arbitrarily increased or reduced for clarity ofdiscussion.

FIGS. 1A-1B are corresponding cross-sections of a 2-bit ferroelectricfield effect transistor (FeFET), in accordance with some embodiments.

FIGS. 1C-1E are corresponding waveforms that represent channel bandbarrier portions under correspondingly different conditions, inaccordance with some embodiments.

FIGS. 2A-2B are corresponding cross-sections of a 2-bit FeFET, inaccordance with some embodiments.

FIGS. 2C-2E are corresponding waveforms that represent channel bandbarrier portions under correspondingly different conditions, inaccordance with some embodiments.

FIGS. 3A-3B are corresponding cross-sections of a 2-bit FeFET, inaccordance with some embodiments.

FIGS. 3C-3E are corresponding waveforms that represent channel bandbarrier portions under correspondingly different conditions, inaccordance with some embodiments.

FIGS. 4A-4B are corresponding cross-sections of a 2-bit FeFET, inaccordance with some embodiments.

FIGS. 4C-4E are corresponding waveforms that represent channel bandbarrier portions under correspondingly different conditions, inaccordance with some embodiments.

FIGS. 5A-5B are corresponding cross-sections of corresponding 2-bitFeFETs, in accordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 6A is a flow diagram for writing to a FeFET, in accordance withsome embodiments.

FIG. 6B is a flow diagram for erasing a FeFET, in accordance with someembodiments.

FIG. 7 is a flow diagram for reading a FeFET, in accordance with someembodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Without being bound by theory, explanations of underlying physics areprovided herein. The following disclosure provides many differentembodiments, or examples, for implementing different features of theprovided subject matter. Specific examples of components, values,operations, materials, arrangements, or the like, are described below tosimplify the present disclosure. These are, of course, merely examplesand are not intended to be limiting. Other components, values,operations, materials, arrangements, or the like, are contemplated. Forexample, the formation of a first feature over or on a second feature inthe description that follows may include embodiments in which the firstand second features are formed in direct contact, and may also includeembodiments in which additional features may be formed between the firstand second features, such that the first and second features may not bein direct contact. In addition, the present disclosure may repeatreference numerals and/or letters in the various examples. Thisrepetition is for the purpose of simplicity and clarity and does not initself dictate a relationship between the various embodiments and/orconfigurations discussed.

Further, spatially relative terms, such as “beneath,” “below,” “lower,”“above,” “upper” and the like, may be used herein for ease ofdescription to describe one element or feature's relationship to anotherelement(s) or feature(s) as illustrated in the FIGS. The spatiallyrelative terms are intended to encompass different orientations of thedevice in use or operation in addition to the orientation depicted inthe FIGS. The apparatus may be otherwise oriented (rotated 90 degrees orat other orientations) and the spatially relative descriptors usedherein may likewise be interpreted accordingly.

In some embodiments, a ferroelectric field-effect transistor (FeFET) isconfigured as a 2-bit memory device which stores different data statesof bits (b1,b0). The FeFET includes a ferroelectric layer between a gateregion and a substrate material. At opposite ends of the ferroelectriclayer, and within the substrate material, are a first source-drain (S/D)region and a second source-drain (S/D) region. In some embodiments, whenrepresenting the data states of (b1,b0)=(0,1) or (b1,b0)=(1,0), dipolesat the first and second ends of the ferroelectric layer havesubstantially opposite polarizations. In some embodiments, each of thedata states (b1,b0)=(0,1) and (b1,b0)=(1,0) is described as anasymmetric data state, and so the corresponding configurations of theFeFET are described in terms of the FeFET having correspondingasymmetric polarization states of the ferroelectric layer.

FIGS. 1A and 1B are corresponding cross-sections of a 2-bitferroelectric field effect transistor (FeFET) 100, in accordance withsome embodiments.

In some embodiments, FeFET 100 includes a semiconductor substrate 106which includes a first source/drain (S/D) region 108 and a second S/Dregion 110. A gate stack 111 is over semiconductor substrate 106 withfirst S/D region 108 and second S/D region 110 extending to oppositesides of gate stack 111. Gate stack 111 includes a ferroelectric layer104 over semiconductor substrate 106 and a gate region 102 overferroelectric layer 104. First and second ends of ferroelectric layer104 are proximal correspondingly to first S/D region 108 and second S/Dregion 110.

Dipoles are dispersed throughout ferroelectric layer 104. In particular,ferroelectric layer 104 includes a first set of dipoles 114A at thesecond end of ferroelectric layer 104, and a second set of dipoles 114Bat the first end of ferroelectric layer 104. The first set of dipoles114A has a first polarization. The second set of dipoles 114B has asecond polarization where the second polarization is substantiallyopposite the first polarization. Each dipole 114A and each dipole 114Bis correspondingly represented in FIGS. 1A-2B by an arrow. As usedherein, the arrow head of the dipole represents a positively charged endof the dipole and the tail represents a negatively charged end of thedipole. Accordingly, each dipole 114A and each dipole 114Bcorrespondingly represents separation of positive and negative charges,and vice-versa, within ferroelectric layer 104. For simplicity ofillustration, two dipoles 114A and two dipoles 114B are shown in FIGS.1A-1B (and similarly other cross-sectional drawings disclosed herein);as a practical matter, a great many dipoles present in ferroelectriclayer 104 and which have correspondingly the orientations of dipole 114Aor 114B.

In FIG. 1A, regarding a first dipole which has the positively chargedend pointing upward and the negatively charged end pointing downward,the following is assumed: the first dipole represents a firstpolarization state; the first dipole, e.g., dipole 114A, is shown as anarrow whose head is pointing upward and whose tail is pointing downward;and the first dipole represents a logical “0”. Also in FIG. 1A,regarding a second dipole which has the negatively charged end pointingupward and the positively charged end pointing downward, the followingis assumed: the second dipole represents a second polarization state;the second dipole, e.g., dipole 114B, is shown as an arrow whose tail ispointing upward and whose head is pointing downward; and the seconddipole represents a logical “1.” Accordingly, in FIG. 1A, relative tothe X-axis, the polarization of ferroelectric layer 104 is asymmetric.More particularly, the polarization of ferroelectric layer 104 isasymmetric because the first end of ferroelectric layer 104 (which isproximal to first S/D region 108) has the second polarization and thesecond end of ferroelectric layer 104 (which is proximal second S/Dregion 110) has the first polarization.

In one or more embodiments, an invertible region 116 extends throughsemiconductor substrate 106 between first S/D 108 and second S/D region110. In some embodiments, semiconductor substrate has N-type doping suchthat the charge carriers are electrons (−) and FeFET 100 is an N-typeFeFET. In some embodiments, N-type FeFET 100 is described as an N-typeMetal Oxide Semiconductor FET (MOSFET) which further includes aferroelectric layer (e.g., ferroelectric layer 104) inserted between thegate electrode (e.g., gate region 102) and the invertible region (e.g.,invertible region 116). In some embodiments, semiconductor substrate hasP-type doping such that the charge carriers are holes (+) and FeFET 100is a P-type FeFET. In some embodiments, FeFET 100 includes a metalferroelectric insulator semiconductor (MFIS), a single cell transistorcapable of holding an electrical field polarization to retain one ormore steady states in the absence of any electrical bias or the like.

If ferroelectric layer 104 were not present, and in the absence of avoltage on gate region 102, invertible region 116 would represent adepletion region that does not support the flow of charge carriers. Ifferroelectric layer 104 was not present, in the presence of a sufficientvoltage on gate region 102, i.e., a voltage greater than the thresholdvoltage, Vt, invertible region 116 would be inverted and would supportthe flow of charge carriers and so would represent a channel extendingfrom first S/D region 108 to second S/D region 110.

If both overlying portions of ferroelectric layer 104 have the firstpolarization state (not shown in FIG. 1A, but see FIGS. 3A-3B), and inthe absence of voltages correspondingly on gate region 102, first S/Dregion 108 and second S/D region 110, then the corresponding portions ofinvertible region 116 correspondingly are depletion regions that do notsupport the flow of charge carriers. However, if both overlying portionsof ferroelectric layer 104 have the second polarization state (not shownin FIG. 1A, but see FIGS. 4A-4B), and in the absence of voltagescorrespondingly on gate region 102, first S/D region 108 and second S/Dregion 110, then the corresponding portions of invertible region 116 dosupport the flow of charge carriers.

In FIG. 1A, a first portion of invertible region 116 is proximal to thefirst end of ferroelectric layer 104 and to first S/D region 108, and asecond portion of invertible region 116 is proximal to the second end offerroelectric layer 104 and to second S/D region 110. In FIGS. 1A-1B, achannel band barrier (CBB) portion 117(1) is different than CBB portion117(2) for the second portion of invertible region 116. In someembodiments, the CBB represents the bottom edge of the depletion regionwithin invertible region 116, wherein the bottom edge of the depletionregion is distal from ferroelectric layer 104 and the top edge of thedepletion region is proximal to ferroelectric layer 104.

In one or more embodiments, FeFET 100 is configured to store one of fourpossible 2-bit data states, namely (0,1), (1,0), (1,1) or (0,0). In someembodiments, a bit represented by the polarization of the second end offerroelectric layer 104 proximal to S/D region 110 is referred to as thefirst bit or bit zero (b0) of the 2-bit memory structure which FeFET 100represents, and a bit represented by the polarization of the first endof ferroelectric layer 104 proximal to S/D region 108 is referred to asthe second bit or bit one (b1) of the 2-bit memory structure FeFET 100.Accordingly, the two bits are representable as (b1,b0), where (b1,b0) isone of (0,1), (1,0), (1,1) or (0,0).

In some embodiments, ferroelectric layer 104 is separated from substrate106 by dielectric material 112. In some embodiments, dielectric material106 includes an oxide, a nitride, a carbide, or the like. In someembodiments, gate region 102 includes a conductive material, such aspolysilicon, aluminum, copper, or the like. In various embodiments,ferroelectric layer 104 includes silicon doped hafnium oxide (Si-dopedHfO₂), lead titanate, lead zirconate titanate (PZT), lead lanthanumzirconate titanate, strontium bismuth tantalate (SBT), bismuth lanthanumtitanate (BLT), bismuth neodymium titanate (BNT), or the like.

In FIGS. 1A-1B, relative to the X-axis, gate region 102 is shown betweenfirst and second S/D regions 108, 110. In some embodiments (see FIG.5A), gate region 102 and ferroelectric layer 104 partially overlap firstS/D region 108 and/or second S/D region 110. In some embodiments (seeFIG. 5B), gate region 102 and ferroelectric layer 104 coversubstantially all of first S/D region 108 and/or second S/D region 110.In some embodiments, first and second SD regions 108, 110 include aconductive material, such as doped polysilicon, a metal, or the like. Insome embodiments, first S/D region 108 and second S/D region 110 have afirst doping type that is opposite a second doping type of the substrate106. In some embodiments, first S/D region 108 has a different dopingconcentration and/or shape than the second S/D region 110. For example,in some embodiments, first S/D region 108 has a lower dopingconcentration than second S/D region 110. In some embodiments, the lowerdoping concentration of first and second S/D regions 108, 110 mitigatesgate induced drain leakage (GIDL) current in FeFETs. In someembodiments, substrate 106 is an opposite dopant type relative to adopant type of first and second S/D regions 108, 110. For example, iffirst and second S/D regions 108, 110 are n-type, then substrate 106 isp-type, and vice-versa.

In general, subjecting ferroelectric layer 104 to an electric field ofsufficient magnitude orients dipoles in ferroelectric layer 104 into acorresponding one of two possible polarization states (bistable states),e.g., dipole 114A and dipole 114B. The corresponding field-inducedpolarization state remains after the field is removed, i.e., each of thebistable polarization states is nonvolatile. In terms of the FeFET as awhole, the two possible polarization states of the layer offerroelectric material manifest as two corresponding possible states ofthe FeFET, namely an erased state and a programmed state.

In FIG. 1A: bit b1 of the 2-bits of data stored by FeFET 100 is shown asbeing a logical “1” and so is represented by the first end offerroelectric layer 104 (which, again, is proximal to S/D region 108)having the second polarization as represented by dipoles 114B; and bitb0 of the 2-bits of data stored by FeFET 100 is shown as being a logical“0” and so is represented by the second end of ferroelectric layer 104(which, again, is proximal to S/D region 110) having the firstpolarization as represented by dipoles 114A.

In some embodiments, setting a bit to a logical 1 value (“1”), i.e.,programming the bit, in FeFET 100 is performed by applying anappropriate value of a gate voltage (Vg) and applying a correspondingappropriate value of a source/drain voltage (Vs/d) to the selected oneof S/D region 108 and 110 that is to be set to a 1 value. For example,Vs/d is applied to the first S/D region 108 and/or the second S/D region110 based upon which one of the four 2-bit data states is to be storedon FeFET 100, where the 2-bits (b1,b0) have the state (0,1), (1,0),(1,1) or (0,0). In some embodiments, both of bits b1 and b0 are set to“1”, i.e., programmed, in FeFET 100 using Vg=3V and using Vs/d=0V foreach of first S/D region 108 and second S/D region 110. In someembodiments, to program one of bits b1 and b0, e.g., bit b0, Vg is setto=3V, second S/D region 110 is Vs/d=0V at second S/D region 110, whilefirst S/D region 108 is left floating or receives 1V.

In some embodiments, both of bits b1 and b0 are set to “0”, i.e.,erased, in FeFET 100 using Vg=−2V and using Vs/d=1V for each of firstS/D region 108 and second S/D region 110. In some embodiments, to eraseone of bits b1 and b0, e.g., bit b0, Vg is set to =−2V, second S/Dregion 110 is Vs/d=1V at second S/D region 110, while first S/D region108 is left floating or receives 0V.

In general, to change the polarization state of a portion of aferroelectric layer, the portion of the ferroelectric layer is subjectedto an electric field of sufficient magnitude to orient the dipoles ofthe portion of the ferroelectric layer which are in the path of theelectric field according to the direction of the electric field. In someembodiments, an electric field of sufficient magnitude to orient thedipoles of the ferroelectric layer is referred to as a coercive field(Ec). In some embodiments, and in the context of FeFET 100, a voltagedifference between Vg and Vs/d which is of sufficient magnitude toinduce Ec is referred to as a coercive voltage (Vc). In someembodiments, Vc is at least about 3V.

More particularly, to manipulate the polarization of dipoles 114A sothat bit b0 represents a logical “1,” a combination of voltage valuesfor Vg and Vs/d (applied to second S/D region 110) (Vsd_110) is appliedwherein the resulting difference is equal to or greater than Vc. In someembodiments, to change the polarization of dipoles 114A so as torepresent a logical “0,” a combination of Vg=−2V and Vsd_110=1V is used.In a circumstance in which second S/D region 110 has a higher positivepotential than gate region 102, (e.g., Vg=−2V and Vsd_110=1V), dipoles114A become orientated with the negative ends proximal to second S/Dregion 110 and the positive ends proximal to gate region 102, resultingin the negative ends being proximal to invertible region 116. To avoidaltering the state of bit b1 which is represented by the polarization ofdipoles 114B, e.g., while the polarization of dipoles 114A is beingmanipulated, a voltage value of Vs/d that is applied to first S/D region108 (Vsd_108) is selected so that a combination of voltage values for Vgand Vsd_108 results in a voltage difference that is less than Vc andthus dipoles 114B at first S/D region 108 are not altered from theirprevious state. In some embodiments, to avoid altering the state of bitb1 while the polarization of dipoles 114A is being manipulated (in partby setting Vg=−2V), first S/D region 108 is left floating. In someembodiments, to avoid altering the state of bit b1 while thepolarization of dipoles 114A is being manipulated (in part by settingVg=−2V), Vsd_108=0V. In some embodiments, to avoid altering the state ofbit b1 while the polarization of dipoles 114A is being manipulated (inpart by setting Vg=−2V), Vsd_108=VSS.

In FIG. 1A, the polarization of the second end of ferroelectric layer104, which is proximal to second S/D region 110, thickens the depletionregion proximal to second S/D region 110 relative to the Y-axis, andcorrespondingly raises/increases CBB portion 117(2) proximal to secondS/D region 110. This raising/increasing of CBB portion 117(2) isdiscussed in more detail below.

FIG. 1B is a version of FIG. 1A which shows voltages applied during aphase 1 of a two-phase process by which bit b1 of the 2-bits of datastored by FeFET 100 is read. The two-phase read-process for reading the2-bit state stored in FeFET 100 is discussed in more detail in thecontext of FIGS. 1C-1E.

In FIG. 1B, the voltages for phase 1 of the two-phase read operation areshown. During phase 1 (see also FIG. 1D), the voltages are configured toread bit b1 of the 2-bit data stored by FeFET 100, wherein bit b1 isstored at the first end of ferroelectric layer 104 which is proximal tofirst S/D region 108. More particularly, a bias voltage (Vbias) isapplied to gate region 102, a read voltage (Vread) is applied to secondS/D region 110 and a non-disturbing voltage (Vdnd) is applied to firstS/D region 108.

FIGS. 1C-1E are corresponding waveforms 119, 120 and 128 that representchannel band barrier portions 117(1) and 117(2) under correspondinglydifferent conditions, in accordance with some embodiments.

In FIG. 1C, waveform 119 represents channel band barrier (CBB) portions117(1) and 117(2) for FeFET 100 during quiescent conditions. In someembodiments, during quiescent conditions for FeFET 100, each of gateregion 102, first S/D region 108 and second S/D region 110 is leftfloating.

In waveform 119, CBB portion 117(2) has a first quiescent CBB valuewhich corresponds to the first polarization state and so corresponds toa logical zero. Hereinafter, the first quiescent CBB value is referredto as QCBB0. In waveform 119, CBB portion 117(1) has a second quiescentCBB value which corresponds to the second polarization state and socorresponds to a logical one. Hereinafter, the second quiescent CBBvalue is referred to as QCBB1.

In FIG. 1D, waveform 120 represents CBB portions 117(1) and 117(2)during phase 1 of the two-phase read operation (see FIG. 1B). Duringphase 1, bit b1 is read, wherein bit b1 is stored at the first end offerroelectric layer 104, the first end being proximal to first S/Dregion 108. During phase 1, Vg=Vbias is applied to gate region 102, Vdndis applied to first S/D region 108 and Vread is applied to second S/Dregion 110.

In FIG. 1E, waveform 128 represents CBB portions 117(1) and 117(2)during phase 2 of the two-phase read operation. During phase 2, bit b0is read, wherein bit b0 is stored at the second end of ferroelectriclayer 104, the second end being proximal to second S/D region 110.During phase 2, Vg=Vbias is applied to gate region 102, Vdnd is appliedto second S/D region 110 and Vread is applied to first S/D region 108.

Regarding FIGS. 1D-1E, in effect, relative to the side of FeFET 100 forwhich the stored bit value is being read (read-side), Vread is appliedto the opposite side of FeFET 100 (non-read-side), which might seemcounterintuitive at first. However, the values for Vread and Vg=Vbiasare configured to ensure that the portion of invertible region 116 onthe non-read-side of FeFET 100 is manipulated to support temporarily aflow of charge carriers. In some embodiments, the temporary duration ofthe support corresponds to the period of time in which the values forVread and Vg=Vbias are applied which ensure that the portion ofinvertible region 116 on the non-read-side of FeFET 100 supports a flowof charge carriers. By manipulating the non-read-side of FeFET 100 tosupport temporarily a flow of charge carriers, whether or not a currentflows between S/D regions 108 and 110 is then controlled by whether ornot the portion of invertible region 116 on the read-side of FeFET 100supports the flow of charge carriers.

Recalling the particular circumstances in which the second end offerroelectric layer 104 has the first polarization representing alogical 0 value, the portion of invertible region 116 under the secondend of ferroelectric layer 104 has CBB portion 117(2), and that CBBportion 117(2) accordingly has QCBB0, a value for Vg=Vbias is selectedto be less than Vt for the particular circumstances. However, for theparticular circumstances, the combination of Vg=Vbias and Vread isgreater than Vt. Accordingly, in some embodiments, because Vg=Vbias isless than Vt for the particular circumstances, Vg=Vbias is described assub-threshold voltage.

In general, assuming the non-read-side is being manipulated to supporttemporarily a flow of charge carriers, if the read-side of FeFET 100stores a logical zero because the read-side of ferroelectric layer 104is in the first polarization state, then the portion of invertibleregion 116 on the read-side of FeFET 100 does not support the flow ofcharge carriers, resulting in substantially no current flowing betweenS/D regions 108 and 110, which is interpreted as the read-side bit ofFeFET 100 storing a logical zero.

Also, in general, assuming the non-read-side is being manipulated tosupport temporarily a flow of charge carriers, if the read-side of FeFET100 stores a logical one because the read-side of ferroelectric layer104 is in the second polarization state (as shown in FIG. 1B), then theportion of invertible region 116 on the read-side of FeFET 100 doessupport the flow of charge carriers, resulting in a significant flow ofcurrent between S/D regions 108 and 110, which is interpreted as theread-side bit of FeFET 100 storing a logical one. In some embodiments, asignificant flow current is a current flow that would not be regarded asmerely a leakage current.

Regarding FIG. 1D, it shows (again) phase 1 by which bit b1 is read.Recalling that bit b1=1 (see FIG. 1A) because the first end offerroelectric layer 104 has the second polarization and that bit b0=0(see FIG. 1A) because the second end of ferroelectric layer 104 has thefirst polarization, FIG. 1D assumes that Vg=Vbias is being applied togate region 102, Vdnd=0V is being applied to first S/D region 108 andVread=−1V is being applied to second S/D region 110.

In the context of FIG. 1D, the voltage difference between Vg=Vbias andVread (the latter being applied to second S/D region 110) in combinationwith the first polarization state of the second end of ferroelectriclayer 104 is sufficient to overcome the first polarization at the secondend of ferroelectric layer 104 and consequently is sufficient to drawcharge carriers into the portion of invertible region 116 that isproximal to second S/D region 110, with a result that the portion ofinvertible region 116 which is proximal to first S/D region 108 supportstemporarily a flow of charge carriers. Because of the secondpolarization at the first end of ferroelectric layer 104, the portion ofinvertible region 116 proximal to first S/D region 108 supports the flowof charge carriers under quiescent conditions. Accordingly, the portionof invertible region 116 proximal to first S/D region 108 also supportsthe flow of charge carriers when Vg=Vbias is being applied to gateregion 102 and Vdnd=0V is being applied to first S/D region 108. As atemporary result, both the portion of invertible region 116 proximal tofirst S/D region 108 and the portion of invertible region 116 proximalto second S/D region 110 support the flow of charge carriers, andconsequently current flows from first S/D region 108 to second S/Dregion 110 as indicated by reference number 130 in FIG. 1D, which isinterpreted as the bit b1 of FeFET 100 storing a logical one.

Regarding FIG. 1E, it shows (again) phase 2 by which bit b0 of FeFET 100is read. Recalling that bit b1=1 (see FIG. 1A) because the first end offerroelectric layer 104 has the second polarization and that bit b0=0(see FIG. 1A) because the second end of ferroelectric layer 104 has thefirst polarization, FIG. 1E assumes that Vg=Vbias is being applied togate region 102, Vread=−1V is being applied to first S/D region 108 andVdnd=0V is being applied to second S/D region 110.

In the context of FIG. 1E, because of the second polarization at thefirst end of ferroelectric layer 104, the portion of invertible region116 proximal to S/D region 108 supports the flow of charge carriersunder quiescent conditions. Accordingly, the portion of invertibleregion 116 proximal to S/D region 108 also supports the flow of chargecarriers when Vg=Vbias is being applied to gate region 102 and Vread=−1Vis being applied to first S/D region 108. The voltage difference betweenVg and Vdnd (the latter being applied to second S/D region 110) incombination with the second polarization state of the first end offerroelectric layer 104 is not sufficient to overcome the firstpolarization at the second end of ferroelectric layer 104 andconsequently is NOT sufficient to draw charge carriers into the portionof invertible region 116 that is proximal to second S/D region 110, witha result that the portion of invertible region 116 which is proximal tofirst S/D region 108 does NOT support a flow of charge carriers. As afurther result, only the portion of invertible region 116 proximal tofirst S/D region 108 supports the flow of charge carriers, andconsequently no current flows from first S/D region 108 to second S/Dregion 110 as indicated by reference number 129 in FIG. 1E, which isinterpreted as the bit b0 of FeFET 100 storing a logical zero.

FIGS. 2A and 2B are corresponding cross-sections of a 2-bit FeFET 200,in accordance with some embodiments. FIGS. 2C-2E are correspondingwaveforms 219, 220 and 228 that represent channel band barrier portionsunder correspondingly different conditions, in accordance with someembodiments.

FIGS. 2A-2E follow a similar numbering scheme to that of FIGS. 1A-1E.Though some aspects correspond, nevertheless there are some aspects thatdiffer. To help identify aspects which correspond, the numberingconvention uses 2-series numbers for FIGS. 2A-2E while FIGS. 1A-1E uses1-series numbers. For example, item 219 in FIG. 2C is a waveform underquiescent conditions and corresponding item 119 in FIG. 1C is a waveformunder quiescent conditions, and wherein: similarities are reflected inthe common root_19; and differences are reflected in the correspondingleading digit 2 in FIG. 2C and 1 in FIG. 1C. For brevity, the discussionwill focus more on differences between FIGS. 2A-2E and FIGS. 1A-1E thanon similarities.

In some embodiments, FeFET 200 includes a semiconductor substrate 206which includes a source region 208 and a drain region 210. A gate stack211 is over semiconductor substrate 206 with source region 208 and drainregion 210 (hereinafter referred to as first S/D region 208 and secondS/D region 210) extending to opposite sides of gate stack 211. Gatestack 211 includes a ferroelectric layer 204 over semiconductorsubstrate 206 and a gate region 202 over ferroelectric layer 204. Firstand second ends of ferroelectric layer 204 are proximal correspondinglyto first S/D region 208 and second S/D region 210. Dipoles are dispersedthroughout ferroelectric layer 204. In particular, ferroelectric layer204 includes a first set of dipoles 214A at the second end offerroelectric layer 204, and a second set of dipoles 214B at the firstend of ferroelectric layer 204. In one or more embodiments, aninvertible region 216 extends through semiconductor substrate 206between first S/D region 208 and second S/D region 210.

In FIGS. 2A-2B: bit b1 of the 2-bits of data stored by FeFET 200 isshown as being a logical “0” and so is represented by the first end offerroelectric layer 204 (which, again, is proximal to first S/D region208) having the first polarization; and bit b0 of the 2-bits of datastored by FeFET 200 is shown as being a logical “1” and so isrepresented by the second end of ferroelectric layer 204 (which, again,is proximal to second S/D region 210) having the second polarization.Accordingly, in FIGS. 2A-2B, relative to the X-axis, the polarization offerroelectric layer 204 is asymmetric. More particularly, thepolarization of ferroelectric layer 204 is asymmetric because the firstend of ferroelectric layer 204 (which is proximal to first S/D region208) has the first polarization and the second end of ferroelectriclayer 104 (which is proximal second S/D region 210) has the secondpolarization.

In FIGS. 2A-2B, the polarization of the first end of ferroelectric layer204, which is proximal to first S/D region 208, thickens the depletionregion proximal to first S/D region 208 relative to the Y-axis, andcorrespondingly raises/increases CBB portion 217(1) proximal to firstS/D region 208 (see FIG. 2C). This raising/increasing of CBB portion217(1) is discussed in more detail below.

FIG. 2A shows voltages applied during phase 2 of the two-phase processby which bit b0 of the 2-bits of data stored by FeFET 200 is read. FIG.2B is a version of FIG. 2A which shows voltages applied during phase 1of the two-phase process by which bit b1 of the 2-bits of data stored byFeFET 200 is read. The two-phase read-process for reading the 2-bitstate stored in FeFET 200 is discussed in more detail in the context ofFIGS. 2D-2E.

In FIG. 2B, the voltages for phase 1 of the two-phase read operation areshown. More particularly, during phase 1 (see also FIG. 2D), bit b1 ofthe 2-bit data stored by FeFET 200 is configured to be read byapplication of Vg=Vbias to gate region 202, application of Vread tosecond S/D region 210 and application of Vdnd to first S/D region 208.

In FIG. 2C, waveform 219 represents CBB portions 217(1) and 217(2) forFeFET 200 during quiescent conditions. In waveform 219, CBB portion217(1) has the first quiescent CBB value, QCBB0, and CBB portion 217(2)has the second quiescent CBB value, QCBB1.

In FIG. 2D, waveform 220 represents CBB portions 217(1) and 217(2)during phase 1 of the two-phase read operation (see FIG. 2B). Duringphase 1, bit b1 is read, wherein bit b1 is stored at the first end offerroelectric layer 204, the first end being proximal to first S/Dregion 208. During phase 1, Vg=Vbias is applied to gate region 202, Vdndis applied to first S/D region 208 and Vread is applied to second S/Dregion 210.

In FIG. 2E, waveform 228 represents CBB portions 217(1) and 217(2)during phase 2 of the two-phase read operation. During phase 2, bit b0is read, wherein bit b0 is stored at the second end of ferroelectriclayer 204, the second end being proximal to second S/D region 210.During phase 2, Vg=Vbias is applied to gate region 202, Vdnd is appliedto second S/D region 210 and Vread is applied to first S/D region 208.

Regarding FIG. 2D, it shows (again) phase 1 by which bit b1 is read.Recalling that bit b1=0 (see FIG. 2B) because the first end offerroelectric layer 204 has the first polarization and that bit b0=1(see FIG. 2A) because the second end of ferroelectric layer 204 has thesecond polarization, FIG. 2D assumes that Vg=Vbias is being applied togate region 202, Vdnd=0V is being applied to first S/D region 208 andVread=−1V is being applied to second S/D region 210.

In the context of FIG. 2D, because of the second polarization at thesecond end of ferroelectric layer 204, the portion of invertible region216 proximal to second S/D region 210 supports the flow of chargecarriers under quiescent conditions. Accordingly, the portion ofinvertible region 216 proximal to S/D region 210 also supports the flowof charge carriers when Vg=Vbias is being applied to gate region 202 andVread=−1V is being applied to second S/D region 210. The voltagedifference between Vg and Vdnd (the latter being applied to first S/Dregion 108) in combination with the first polarization state of thefirst end of ferroelectric layer 204 is NOT sufficient to overcome thefirst polarization at the first end of ferroelectric layer 204 andconsequently is NOT sufficient to draw charge carriers into the portionof invertible region 216 that is proximal to first S/D region 208, witha result that the portion of invertible region 216 which is proximal tofirst S/D region 208 does NOT support a flow of charge carriers. As afurther result, only the portion of invertible region 216 proximal tosecond S/D region 210 supports the flow of charge carriers, andconsequently no current flows from second S/D region 210 to first S/Dregion 208 as indicated by reference number 229 in FIG. 2D, which isinterpreted as the bit b1 of FeFET 200 storing a logical zero.

Regarding FIG. 2E, it shows (again) phase 2 by which bit b0 of FeFET 200is read. Recalling that bit b1=0 (see FIG. 2A) because the first end offerroelectric layer 204 has the first polarization and that bit b0=1(see FIG. 2A) because the second end of ferroelectric layer 204 has thesecond polarization, FIG. 2E assumes that Vg=Vbias is being applied togate region 202, Vread=−1V is being applied to first S/D region 208 andVdnd=0V is being applied to second S/D region 210.

In the context of FIG. 2E, the voltage difference between Vg and Vread(the latter being applied to first S/D region 208) in combination withthe first polarization state of the first end of ferroelectric layer 204is sufficient to overcome the first polarization at the first end offerroelectric layer 204 and consequently is sufficient to draw chargecarriers into the portion of invertible region 216 that is proximal tofirst S/D region 208, with a result that the portion of invertibleregion 216 which is proximal to first S/D region 208 supportstemporarily a flow of charge carriers. Because of the secondpolarization at the second end of ferroelectric layer 204, the portionof invertible region 216 proximal to S/D region 210 supports the flow ofcharge carriers under quiescent conditions. Accordingly, the portion ofinvertible region 216 proximal to S/D region 208 also supports the flowof charge carriers when Vg=Vbias is being applied to gate region 202 andVdnd=0V is being applied to second S/D region 210. As a temporaryresult, both the portion of invertible region 216 proximal to second S/Dregion 210 and the portion of invertible region 216 proximal to firstS/D region 208 support the flow of charge carriers, and consequentlycurrent flows from second S/D region 110 to first S/D region 108 asindicated by reference number 230 in FIG. 2E, which is interpreted asthe bit b0 of FeFET 200 storing a logical one.

FIGS. 3A and 3B are corresponding cross-sections of a 2-bit FeFET, inaccordance with some embodiments. FIGS. 3C-3E are correspondingwaveforms 319, 320 and 328 that represent channel band barrier portionsunder correspondingly different conditions, in accordance with someembodiments.

FIGS. 3A-3E follow a similar numbering scheme to that of FIGS. 1A-1E.Though some aspects correspond, nevertheless there are some aspects thatdiffer. To help identify aspects which correspond, the numberingconvention uses 3-series numbers for FIGS. 3A-3E while FIGS. 1A-1E uses1-series numbers. For example, item 319 in FIG. 3C is a waveform underquiescent conditions and corresponding item 119 in FIG. 1C is a waveformunder quiescent conditions, and wherein: similarities are reflected inthe common root_19; and differences are reflected in the correspondingleading digit 3 in FIG. 3C and 1 in FIG. 1C. For brevity, the discussionwill focus more on differences between FIGS. 3A-3E and FIGS. 1A-1E thanon similarities.

In some embodiments, FeFET 300 includes a semiconductor substrate 306which includes a source region 308 and a drain region 310. A gate stack311 is over semiconductor substrate 306 with source region 308 and drainregion 310 extending to opposite sides of gate stack 311. Gate stack 311includes a ferroelectric layer 304 over semiconductor substrate 306 anda gate region 302 over ferroelectric layer 304. First and second ends offerroelectric layer 304 are proximal correspondingly to first S/D region308 and second S/D region 310. Dipoles are dispersed throughoutferroelectric layer 304. In particular, ferroelectric layer 304 includesa first set of dipoles 314A at the second end of ferroelectric layer304, and a second set of dipoles 314B at the first end of ferroelectriclayer 304. Invertible region 316 extends through semiconductor substrate306 between source region 308 and drain region 310 (hereinafter referredto as first S/D region 308 and second S/D region 310.

In FIGS. 3A-3B: bit b1 of the 2-bits of data stored by FeFET 300 isshown as being a logical “0” and so is represented by the first end offerroelectric layer 304 (which, again, is proximal to first S/D region308) having the first polarization; and bit b0 of the 2-bits of datastored by FeFET 300 is shown as being a logical “0” and so isrepresented by the second end of ferroelectric layer 304 (which, again,is proximal to second S/D region 310) having the first polarization.Accordingly, in FIGS. 3A-3B, relative to the X-axis, the polarization offerroelectric layer 304 is symmetric. More particularly, thepolarization of ferroelectric layer 304 is symmetric because the firstend of ferroelectric layer 304 (which is proximal to first S/D region308) has the first polarization and the second end of ferroelectriclayer 304 (which is proximal second S/D region 310) has the firstpolarization.

In FIGS. 3A and 3B, the polarization of the first and second ends offerroelectric layer 304, which are correspondingly proximal to first S/Dregion 308 and second S/D region 310, thickens the depletion regionsproximal to first S/D region 308 and second S/D region 310 relative tothe Y-axis, and correspondingly raises/increases the CBB portions 317(1)and 317(2) proximal correspondingly to first S/D region 308 and secondS/D region 310. This raising/increasing of CBB portions 317(1) and317(2) is discussed in more detail below.

FIG. 3A shows voltages applied during phase 2 of the two-phase processby which bit b0 of the 2-bits of data stored by FeFET 300 is read. FIG.3B is a version of FIG. 3A which shows voltages applied during phase 1of the two-phase process by which bit b1 of the 2-bits of data stored byFeFET 300 is read. The two-phase read-process for reading the 2-bitstate stored in FeFET 300 is discussed in more detail in the context ofFIG. 3D-3E.

In FIG. 3B, the voltages for phase 1 of the two-phase read operation areshown. More particularly, during phase 1 (see also FIG. 3D), bit b1 ofthe 2-bit data stored by FeFET 300 is configured to be read byapplication of Vg=Vbias to gate region 302, application of Vread tosecond S/D region 310 and application of Vdnd to first S/D region 308.

In FIG. 3C, waveform 319 represents CBB portions 317(1) and 317(2) forFeFET 300 during quiescent conditions. In waveform 319, each of CBBportion 317(1) and 317(2) has the first quiescent CBB value, QCBB0.

In FIG. 3D, waveform 320 represents CBB portions 317(1) and 317(2)during phase 1 of the two-phase read operation (see FIG. 3B). Duringphase 1, bit b1 is read, wherein bit b1 is stored at the first end offerroelectric layer 304, the first end being proximal to first S/Dregion 308. During phase 1, Vg=Vbias is applied to gate region 302, Vdndis applied to first S/D region 308 and Vread is applied to second S/Dregion 310.

In FIG. 2E, waveform 328 represents CBB portions 317(1) and 317(2)during phase 2 of the two-phase read operation. During phase 2, bit b0is read, wherein bit b0 is stored at the second end of ferroelectriclayer 304, the second end being proximal to second S/D region 310.During phase 2, Vg=Vbias is applied to gate region 302, Vdnd is appliedto second S/D region 310 and Vread is applied to first S/D region 308.

Regarding FIG. 3D, it shows (again) phase 1 by which bit b1 is read.Recalling that bit b1=0 (see FIG. 3B) because the first end offerroelectric layer 304 has the first polarization and that bit b0=0(see FIG. 3A) because the second end of ferroelectric layer 304 has thefirst polarization, FIG. 3D assumes that Vg=Vbias is being applied togate region 302, Vdnd=0V is being applied to first S/D region 308 andVread=−1V is being applied to second S/D region 310.

In the context of FIG. 3D, the voltage difference between Vg and Vread(the latter being applied to second S/D region 310) in combination withthe first polarization state of the second end of ferroelectric layer304 is sufficient to overcome the first polarization at the second endof ferroelectric layer 304 and consequently is sufficient to draw chargecarriers into the portion of invertible region 316 that is proximal tosecond S/D region 310, with a result that the portion of invertibleregion 316 which is proximal to second S/D region 310 temporarilysupports a flow of charge carriers. However, the voltage differencebetween Vg and Vdnd (the latter being applied to first S/D region 308)in combination with the first polarization state of the first end offerroelectric layer 304 is NOT sufficient to overcome the firstpolarization at the first end of ferroelectric layer 304 andconsequently is NOT sufficient to draw charge carriers into the portionof invertible region 316 that is proximal to first S/D region 308, witha result that the portion of invertible region 316 that is proximal tofirst S/D region 308 does NOT support a flow of charge carriers. As afurther result, only the portion of invertible region 316 proximal tosecond S/D region 310 supports temporarily the flow of charge carriers,and consequently no current flows from second S/D region 310 to firstS/D region 308 as indicated by reference number 329 in FIG. 3D, which isinterpreted as the bit b1 of FeFET 300 storing a logical zero.

Regarding FIG. 3E, it shows (again) phase 2 by which bit b0 of FeFET 300is read. Recalling that bit b1=0 (see FIG. 3A) because the first end offerroelectric layer 304 has the first polarization and that bit b0=0(see FIG. 3A) because the second end of ferroelectric layer 304 has thefirst polarization, FIG. 3E assumes that Vg=Vbias is being applied togate region 302, Vread=−1V is being applied to first S/D region 308 andVdnd=0V is being applied to second S/D region 310.

In the context of FIG. 3E, the voltage difference between Vg and Vread(the latter being applied to first S/D region 308) in combination withthe first polarization state of the first end of ferroelectric layer 304is sufficient to overcome the first polarization at the first end offerroelectric layer 304 and consequently is sufficient to draw chargecarriers into the portion of invertible region 316 that is proximal tofirst S/D region 308, with a result that the portion of invertibleregion 316 which is proximal to first S/D region 308 temporarilysupports a flow of charge carriers. However, the voltage differencebetween Vg and Vdnd (the latter being applied to second S/D region 310)in combination with the first polarization state of the second end offerroelectric layer 304 is NOT sufficient to overcome the firstpolarization at the second end of ferroelectric layer 304 andconsequently is NOT sufficient to draw charge carriers into the portionof invertible region 316 that is proximal to second S/D region 310, witha result that the portion of invertible region 316 which is proximal tosecond S/D region 310 does NOT support a flow of charge carriers. As aresult, only the portion of invertible region 316 proximal to first S/Dregion 308 supports temporarily the flow of charge carriers, andconsequently no current flows from first S/D region 308 to second S/Dregion 310 as indicated by reference number 329 in FIG. 3E, which isinterpreted as the bit b0 of FeFET 300 storing a logical zero.

FIGS. 4A and 4B are corresponding cross-sections of a 2-bit FeFET, inaccordance with some embodiments. FIGS. 4C-4E are correspondingwaveforms 419, 420 and 428 that represent channel band barrier portionsunder correspondingly different conditions, in accordance with someembodiments.

FIGS. 4A-4E follow a similar numbering scheme to that of FIGS. 1A-1E.Though some aspects correspond, nevertheless there are some aspects thatdiffer. To help identify aspects which correspond, the numberingconvention uses 4-series numbers for FIGS. 4A-4E while FIGS. 1A-1E uses1-series numbers. For example, item 419 in FIG. 4C is a waveform underquiescent conditions and corresponding item 119 in FIG. 1C is a waveformunder quiescent conditions, and wherein: similarities are reflected inthe common root_19; and differences are reflected in the correspondingleading digit 4 in FIG. 4C and 1 in FIG. 1C. For brevity, the discussionwill focus more on differences between FIGS. 4A-4E and FIGS. 1A-1E thanon similarities.

In some embodiments, FeFET 400 includes a semiconductor substrate 406which includes a source region 408 and a drain region 410. A gate stack411 is over semiconductor substrate 406 with source region 408 and drainregion 410 extending to opposite sides of gate stack 411. Gate stack 411includes a ferroelectric layer 404 over semiconductor substrate 406 anda gate region 402 over ferroelectric layer 404. First and second ends offerroelectric layer 404 are proximal correspondingly to first S/D region408 and second S/D region 410. Dipoles are dispersed throughoutferroelectric layer 404. In particular, ferroelectric layer 404 includesa first set of dipoles 414A at the second end of ferroelectric layer404, and a second set of dipoles 414B at the first end of ferroelectriclayer 404. Invertible region 416 extends through semiconductor substrate406 between source region 408 and drain region 410 (hereinafter referredto as first source/drain (S/D) region 408 and second S/D region 410).

In FIGS. 4A-4B: bit b1 of the 2-bits of data stored by FeFET 400 isshown as being a logical “1” and so is represented by the first end offerroelectric layer 404 (which, again, is proximal to first S/D region408) having the second polarization; and bit b0 of the 2-bits of datastored by FeFET 400 is shown as being a logical “1” and so isrepresented by the second end of ferroelectric layer 404 (which, again,is proximal to second S/D region 410) having the second polarization.Accordingly, in FIGS. 4A-4B, relative to the X-axis, the polarization offerroelectric layer 404 is symmetric. More particularly, thepolarization of ferroelectric layer 404 is symmetric because the firstend of ferroelectric layer 404 (which is proximal to first S/D region408) has the second polarization and the second end of ferroelectriclayer 404 (which is proximal second S/D region 410) has the secondpolarization.

In FIGS. 4A and 4B, the polarization of the first and second ends offerroelectric layer 404, which are correspondingly proximal to first S/Dregion 408 and second S/D region 410, thin the depletion regionsproximal to first S/D region 408 and second S/D region 410 relative tothe Y-axis, and correspondingly lowers/decreases the CBB portions 417(1)and 417(2) proximal correspondingly to first S/D region 408 and secondS/D region 410. This lowering/decreasing of CBB portions 417(1) and417(2) is discussed in more detail below.

FIG. 4A shows voltages applied during phase 2 of the two-phase processby which bit b0 of the 2-bits of data stored by FeFET 400 is read. FIG.4B is a version of FIG. 4A which shows voltages applied during a phase 1of the two-phase process by which bit b1 of the 2-bits of data stored byFeFET 400 is read. The two-phase process by which the 2-bit state storedin FeFET 400 is discussed in more detail in the context of FIGS. 4C-4E.

In FIG. 4B, the voltages for phase 1 of the two-phase read operation areshown. More particularly, during phase 1 (see also FIG. 4D), bit b1 ofthe 2-bit data stored by FeFET 400 is configured to be read byapplication of Vg=Vbias to gate region 402, application of Vread tosecond S/D region 410 and application of Vdnd to first S/D region 408.

In FIG. 4C, waveform 419 represents CBB portions 417(1) and 417(2) forFeFET 400 during quiescent conditions. In waveform 419, each of CBBportions 417(1) and 417(2) for FeFET 400 has the second quiescent CBB,QCBB1.

In FIG. 4D, waveform 420 represents CBB portions 417(1) and 417(2)during phase 1 of the two-phase read operation. During phase 1, bit b1is read, wherein bit b1 is stored at the first end of ferroelectriclayer 404, the first end being proximal to first S/D region 408. Duringphase 1, Vg=Vbias is applied to gate region 302, Vdnd is applied tofirst S/D region 408 and Vread is applied to second S/D region 410.

In FIG.4E, waveform 428 represents CBB portions 417(1) and 417(2) duringphase 2 of the two-phase read operation. During phase 2, bit b0 is read,wherein bit b0 is stored at the second end of ferroelectric layer 404,the second end being proximal to second S/D region 410. During phase 2,Vdnd is applied to second S/D region 410 and Vread is applied to firstS/D region 408.

Regarding FIG. 4D, it shows (again) phase 1 by which bit b1 is read.Recalling that bit b1=1 (see FIG. 4B) because the first end offerroelectric layer 404 has the second polarization and that bit b0=1(see FIG. 4B) because the second end of ferroelectric layer 404 has thesecond polarization, FIG. 4D assumes that Vg=Vbias is being applied togate region 402, Vdnd=0V is being applied to first S/D region 408 andVread=−1V is being applied to second S/D region 410.

In the context of FIG. 4D, because of the second polarization at thesecond end of ferroelectric layer 404, the portion of invertible region416 proximal to second S/D region 410 supports the flow of chargecarriers under quiescent conditions. Accordingly, the portion ofinvertible region 416 proximal to second S/D region 410 also supportsthe flow of charge carriers when Vg=Vbias is being applied to gateregion 402 and Vread=−1V is being applied to second S/D region 410.Furthermore, because of the second polarization at the first end offerroelectric layer 404, the portion of invertible region 416 proximalto first S/D region 408 supports the flow of charge carriers underquiescent conditions. Accordingly, the portion of invertible region 416proximal to first S/D region 408 also supports the flow of chargecarriers when Vg=Vbias is being applied to gate region 402 and Vdnd=0Vis being applied to first S/D region 408. As a result, both the portionof invertible region 416 proximal to first S/D region 408 and theportion of invertible region 416 proximal to second S/D region 410support the flow of charge carriers, and consequently current flows fromsecond S/D region 410 to first S/D region 408 as indicated by referencenumber 430 in FIG. 4D, which is interpreted as the bit bl of FeFET 400storing a logical one.

Regarding FIG. 4E, it shows (again) phase 2 by which bit b0 of FeFET 400is read. Recalling that bit b1=1 (see FIG. 4A) because the first end offerroelectric layer 404 has the second polarization and that bit b0=1(see FIG. 4A) because the second end of ferroelectric layer 404 has thesecond polarization, FIG. 4E assumes that Vg=Vbias is being applied togate region 402, Vread=−1V is being applied to first S/D region 408 andVdnd=0V is being applied to second S/D region 410.

In the context of FIG. 4E, because of the second polarization at thefirst end of ferroelectric layer 404, the portion of invertible region416 proximal to first S/D region 408 supports the flow of chargecarriers under quiescent conditions. Accordingly, the portion ofinvertible region 416 proximal to first S/D region 408 also supports theflow of charge carriers when Vg=Vbias is being applied to gate region402 and Vread=−1V is being applied to first S/D region 408. Furthermore,because of the second polarization at the second end of ferroelectriclayer 404, the portion of invertible region 416 proximal to second S/Dregion 410 also supports the flow of charge carriers under quiescentconditions. Accordingly, the portion of invertible region 416 proximalto second S/D region 408 also supports the flow of charge carriers whenVg=Vbias is being applied to gate region 402 and Vdnd=0V is beingapplied to second S/D region 410. As a result, both the portion ofinvertible region 416 proximal to second S/D region 410 and the portionof invertible region 416 proximal to first S/D region 408 support theflow of charge carriers, and consequently current flows from first S/Dregion 408 to second S/D region 410 as indicated by reference number 430in FIG. 4E, which is interpreted as the bit b1 of FeFET 400 storing alogical one.

In some embodiments, FIGS. 5A and 5B are corresponding cross-sections ofa 2-bit FeFET, memory in accordance with some embodiments.

FIGS. 5A-5B follow a similar numbering scheme to that of FIGS. 1A-1E.Though some aspects correspond, nevertheless there are some aspects thatdiffer. To help identify aspects which correspond, the numberingconvention uses 5-series numbers for FIGS. 5A-5B while FIGS. 1A-1E uses1-series numbers. For example, item 508A in FIG. 5A is a first S/Dregion, corresponding item 508B in FIG. 5B is a first S/D region andcorresponding item 108 in FIG. 1A is a first S/D region, and wherein:similarities are reflected in the common root_08; and differences arereflected in the corresponding leading digit 5 in FIGS. 5A-5B and 1 inFIG. 1A, and further differences are noted in the suffixes “A” in FIG.5A and “B” in FIG. 5B. For brevity, the discussion will focus more ondifferences between FIGS. 5A-5B and FIGS. 1A-1E than on similarities.

In some embodiments, each of FeFETs 500A and 500B includes asemiconductor substrate 506A and 506B which includes a source region508A and 508B and a drain region 510A and 510B. A ferroelectric layer504A and 504B is over semiconductor substrate 506A and 506B and a gateregion 502A and 502B is over ferroelectric layers 504A and 504B. Firstand second ends of ferroelectric layer 504A and 504B are proximal tocorresponding first S/D regions 508A and 508B and corresponding secondS/D regions 510A and 510B.

In some embodiments, memory structures 500A and 500B have gate regions502A and 502B and ferroelectric layers 504A and 504B that extendcorrespondingly over S/D regions 508A, 508B, 510A and 510B and createcorrespondingly overlap zones 550A and 550B. By contrast, there issubstantially no overlap between gate region 102 and corresponding S/Dregions 108 and 110 of FIG. 1A.

Relative to the X-axis, and assuming that widths of S/D regions 508A and510A and invertible region 516A are substantially the same ascorresponding S/D regions 108 and 110 and invertible region 116, overlapzones 550A increase the widths of gate region 502A and ferroelectriclayer 504A as compared correspondingly to gate region 102 andferroelectric layer 104 of FIG. 1A. In some embodiments, depending uponwhether the first and second ends of ferroelectric layer 504Acorrespondingly have the first or second polarizations, overlap zones550A create correspondingly greater or smaller values of the channelband barrier for portions of invertible region 516A proximalcorrespondingly to S/D regions 508A and 510A as compared tocorresponding circumstances for FIG. 1A.

Relative to the X-axis, and assuming that widths of S/D regions 508B and510B and invertible region 516B are substantially the same ascorresponding S/D regions 508A and 510A and invertible region 516,overlap zones 550B increase the widths of gate region 502B andferroelectric layer 504B as compared correspondingly to gate region 502Aand ferroelectric layer 504A of FIG. 5A. In some embodiments, dependingupon whether the first and second ends of ferroelectric layer 504Bcorrespondingly have the first or second polarizations, overlap zones550B create correspondingly greater or smaller values of the channelband barrier for portions of invertible region 516B proximalcorrespondingly to S/D regions 508B and 510B as compared tocorresponding circumstances for FIG. 5A.

FIG. 6A is a flow diagram for writing to a FeFET, in accordance withsome embodiments.

In some embodiments, a process of writing to a FeFET configured as a2-bit storage device, the FeFET having a first source/drain (S/D)terminal, a second S/D terminal, and a gate terminal and a ferroelectriclayer, includes writing asymmetrically to the 2-bit storage device,i.e., writing to a first bit of the two bits while not disturbing asecond bit of the two bits, or conversely writing to the second bit ofthe two bits while not disturbing the first bit of the two bits, andhereinafter is referred to as an asymmetric writing process.

The asymmetric writing process of FIG. 6A includes blocks 602-606. Forsimplicity of illustration, blocks 604-606 assume that the first bit ofthe two bits is being written while the second bit of the two bits isnot being disturbed. Examples are mentioned below in the discussion ofblocks 602-606; the examples assume that the FeFET is an N-type FeFET.

At block 602, a programming voltage is applied to the gate terminal.Examples of the gate terminal include gate terminals 102, 202, 302, 402,502A, 502B, or the like. More particularly, to set a bit to a logical 1value in a memory structure, i.e., to program the bit, an appropriategate voltage (Vg) is applied to the gate terminal. An example value ofthe programming voltage used to program a bit is Vg=3V (see discussionof FIG. 1A.). From block 602, flow proceeds to block 604.

At block 604, a corresponding first voltage is applied to the first S/Dterminal, wherein the first voltage is lower than the programmingvoltage. In some embodiments, a positive voltage bias Vs/d is applied tothe first S/D region in order to set a logical 1 value. For example,assuming a coercive voltage Vc=3V (see discussion of FIG. 1A), andfurther assuming that Vg=3V, Vs/d is set to 0V in order to create avoltage difference between the gate terminal and the first S/D terminalwhich is equal to (or greater than) the coercive voltage Vc of 3V, andthus the voltage difference is sufficient to orient the dipoles of theferroelectric layer to have the second polarization (see discussion ofFIG. 1A). Examples of the ferroelectric layer include ferroelectriclayers 104, 204, 304, 404, 504A, 504B, or the like. An example of an S/Dterminal programmed to a logical 1 value is first S/D region 108, secondS/D region 210, first S/D region 408, second S/D region 410, first S/Dregion 510A, second S/D region 510, first S/D region 508B, second S/Dregion 510B, or the like. From block 604, flow proceeds to block 606.

At block 606, the second S/D terminal is left floating. In someembodiments, substantially zero volts is applied to the second S/Dterminal in order to create a voltage difference between the gateterminal and the second S/D terminal which is significantly less thanthe coercive voltage Vc, Vc=3V, and thus the voltage difference is notsufficient to orient the dipoles of the ferroelectric layer to have thesecond polarization. As a result, the polarization of the second S/Dterminal is unaffected.

As noted, blocks 604-606 assume that the first bit of the two bits isbeing written while the second bit of the two bits is not beingdisturbed. Performing the converse, namely writing to the second bit ofthe two bits while not disturbing the first bit of the two bits,includes the following: at block 604, the first voltage is applied tothe second S/D terminal rather than the first S/D terminal; and, atblock 606, the first S/D terminal is left floating rather than thesecond S/D terminal.

FIG. 6B is a flow diagram for erasing a FeFET, in accordance with someembodiments.

In some embodiments, a process of erasing a FeFET configured as a 2-bitstorage device, the FeFET having a first source/drain (S/D) terminal, asecond S/D terminal, and a gate terminal, includes asymmetricallyerasing the 2-bit storage device, i.e., erasing a first bit of the twobits while not disturbing a second bit of the two bits, or converselyerasing the second bit of the two bits while not disturbing the firstbit of the two bits, and hereinafter is referred to as an asymmetricerasing process.

The asymmetric erasing process of FIG. 6B includes blocks 622-626. Forsimplicity of illustration, blocks 624-626 assume that the first bit ofthe two bits is being erased while the second bit of the two bits is notbeing disturbed. Examples are mentioned below in the discussion ofblocks 622-626; the examples assume that the FeFET is an N-type FeFET.

At block 622, an erasing voltage is applied to the gate terminal.Examples of the gate terminal include gate terminals 102, 202, 302, 402,502A, 502B, or the like. More particularly, to set a bit to a logical 0value in a memory structure, i.e., to erase the bit, an appropriate gatevoltage (Vg) is applied to the gate terminal. An example value of theerasing voltage used to erase a bit is Vg=−2V (see discussion of FIG.1A.). From block 622, flow proceeds to block 624.

At block 624, a corresponding first voltage is applied to the first S/Dterminal, wherein the first voltage is higher than the erasing voltage.In some embodiments, a positive voltage bias Vs/d is applied to thefirst S/D region in order to set a logical 1 value. For example,assuming a coercive voltage Vc=3V (see discussion of FIG. 1A), andfurther assuming that Vg=−2V, Vs/d is set to 1V in order to create avoltage difference between the gate terminal and the first S/D terminalwhich is equal to (or greater than) the coercive voltage Vc of 3V, andthus the voltage difference is sufficient to orient the dipoles of theferroelectric layer to have the first polarization (see discussion ofFIG. 1A). Examples of the ferroelectric layer include ferroelectriclayers 104, 204, 304, 404, 504A, 504B, or the like. An example of an S/Dterminal programmed to a logical 0 value is second S/D region 110, firstS/D region 208, first S/D region 308, second S/D region 310, or thelike. From block 624, flow proceeds to block 626.

At block 626, the second S/D terminal is left floating. In someembodiments, substantially zero volts is applied to the second S/Dterminal in order to create a voltage difference between the gateterminal and the second S/D terminal which is significantly less thanthe coercive voltage Vc, Vc=3V, and thus the voltage difference is notsufficient to orient the dipoles of the ferroelectric layer to have thefirst polarization. As a result, the polarization of the second S/Dterminal is unaffected.

As noted, blocks 624-626 assume that the first bit of the two bits isbeing erased while the second bit of the two bits is not beingdisturbed. Performing the converse, namely erasing the second bit of thetwo bits while not disturbing the first bit of the two bits, includesthe following: at block 624, the first voltage is applied to the secondS/D terminal rather than the first S/D terminal; and, at block 666, thefirst S/D terminal is left floating rather than the second S/D terminal.

FIG. 7 is flow diagram of a reading a FeFET configured as a 2-bitstorage device, in accordance with some embodiments.

In some embodiments, a process of reading a FeFET configured as a 2-bitstorage device, the FeFET including a first source/drain (S/D) terminal,a second S/D terminal, a gate terminal and a ferroelectric layer,includes applying asymmetric voltages correspondingly to the first andsecond S/D regions, and hereinafter is referred to as an asymmetricreading process.

The asymmetric reading process of FIG. 7 includes blocks 702-714.Examples are mentioned below in the discussion of blocks 702-714; theexamples assume that the FeFET is an N-type FeFET. In general, blocks702-708 read the second bit, b1 of the pair (b1,b0), stored at the firstend of the ferroelectric layer, the first end being proximal to thefirst S/D region. In general, blocks 702 and 710-714 read the first bit,b0 of the pair (b1,b0), stored at the second end of the ferroelectriclayer, the second end being proximal to the second S/D region.

At block 702, a sub-threshold value of a gate voltage, Vg, is applied tothe gate terminal. Examples of the gate terminal include gate terminals102, 202, 302, 402, 502A, 502B, or the like. As discussed in the contextof FIGS. 1D-1E, or the like, an example of the sub-threshold voltageapplied to the gate terminal is Vg=1V. From block 702, flow proceeds toblock 704.

At block 704, a read voltage is applied to the second S/D terminal. Theread voltage applied to the second S/D terminal is lower than thesub-threshold voltage applied to the gate terminal. As discussed in thecontext of FIGS. 1D-1E, or the like, an example of the read voltage isVread=−1V. From block 704, flow proceeds to block 706.

At block 706, a do-not-disturb voltage, Vdnd, is applied to the firstS/D terminal. As discussed in the context of FIGS. 1D-1E, or the like,an example of Vdnd is Vdnd=0V. From block 706, flow proceeds to block708.

At block 708, a first current is sensed. As discussed in the context ofFIGS. 1D, 4D, or the like, if the second bit, b1 of the pair (b1,b0), isa logical 1 value, then a significant non-zero current is sensed at thesecond S/D terminal. That is, if a significant non-zero current issensed, then b1 is inferred to have a logical 1 value. By contrast, asdiscussed in the context of FIG. 2D, 3D, or the like, if the second bit,b1 of the pair (b1,b0), is a logical 0 value, then substantially zerocurrent is sensed at the second S/D terminal. That is, if substantiallyno current is sensed, then b1 is inferred to have a logical 0 value.From block 708, flow proceeds to block 710.

At block 710, the read voltage is applied to the first S/D terminal. Itis to be understood that the sub-threshold voltage continues to beapplied to the gate terminal in blocks 710-712. From block 710, flowproceeds to block 712.

At block 712, the do-not-disturb voltage, Vdnd, is applied to the secondS/D terminal. From block 712, flow proceeds to block 708.

At block 714, a second current is sensed. As discussed in the context ofFIG. 2E, 4E, or the like, if the first bit, b0 of the pair (b1,b0), is alogical 1 value, then a significant non-zero current is sensed at thefirst S/D terminal. That is, if a significant non-zero current issensed, then b0 is inferred to have a logical 1 value. By contrast, asdiscussed in the context of FIGS. 1E, 3E, or the like, if the secondbit, b0 of the pair (b1,b0), is a logical 0 value, then substantiallyzero current is sensed at the first S/D terminal. That is, ifsubstantially no current is sensed, then b0 is inferred to have alogical 0 value.

In some embodiments, a 2-bit state of (0,0) is inferred when each of thefirst and the second current is substantially zero. In some embodiments,a 2-bit state of (0,1) is inferred when the first current issubstantially zero and the second current is a significant non-zerovalue. In some embodiments, a 2-bit state of (1,0) is inferred when thesecond current is substantially zero and the first current is asignificant non-zero value. In some embodiments, a 2-bit state of (1,1)is inferred when each of the first and the second current is asignificant non-zero value.

In some embodiments, a ferroelectric field-effect transistor (FeFET)configured as a multi-bit storage device includes: a semiconductorsubstrate including: a source region in the semiconductor substrate; anda drain region in the semiconductor substrate; a gate stack over thesemiconductor substrate, with the source region and the drain regionextending to opposite sides of the gate stack, the gate stack including:a ferroelectric layer over the semiconductor substrate; and a gateregion over the ferroelectric layer; and wherein first and second endsof the ferroelectric layer are proximal correspondingly to the sourceand drain regions; the ferroelectric layer includes dipoles; a first setof dipoles at the first end of the ferroelectric layer has a firstpolarization; and a second set of dipoles at the second end of theferroelectric layer has a second polarization, the second polarizationbeing substantially opposite of the first polarization. In someembodiments, the FeFET further includes: an invertible region extendingthrough the semiconductor substrate between the source region and thedrain region. In some embodiments, a first portion of the invertibleregion is proximal to the first end of the ferroelectric layer; a secondportion of the invertible region is proximal to the second end of theferroelectric layer; and a channel band barrier for the first portion ofthe invertible region is different than a channel band barrier for thesecond portion of the invertible region. In some embodiments, the firstand second polarizations of the corresponding first and second sets ofdipoles represent a 2-bit storage cell. In some embodiments, a first bitof the 2-bit storage cell is configured to be read by application of aread voltage to the source region and a do-not-disturb voltage to thedrain region; and a second bit of the 2-bit storage cell is configuredto be read by application of the do-not-disturb voltage to the sourceregion and the read voltage to the drain region. In some embodiments,the first polarization represents one of a first or second stableorientation state of corresponding ones of the dipoles of theferroelectric layer, the second stable orientation state beingsubstantially opposite of the first stable orientation state; and thesecond polarization correspondingly represents the second stableorientation state or the first stable orientation state. In someembodiments, the first polarization of the first end of theferroelectric layer represents a first bit of the 2-bit storage cell;the second polarization of the second end of the ferroelectric layerrepresents a second bit of the 2-bit storage cell; when the firstpolarization of the first end of the ferroelectric layer and the secondpolarization of the second end of the ferroelectric layercorrespondingly are in the first and second stable states, the FeFETfurther represents the 2-bit storage cell as storing, for the first bit,a logical high value or a logical low value, and, for the second bit,the logical low value or the logical high value; and when the firstpolarization of the first end of the ferroelectric layer and the secondpolarization of the second end of the ferroelectric layercorrespondingly are in the second and first stable states, the FETfurther represents the 2-bit storage cell as storing, for the first bit,the logical low value or a high low value, and, for the second bit, thelogical high value or the logical low value. In some embodiments, in thefirst stable state, positive ends of corresponding ones of the dipolesare oriented proximal to the gate region, and negative ends of thecorresponding ones of the dipoles are oriented distal from the gateregion; and, in the second stable state, negative ends of correspondingones of the dipoles are oriented proximal to the gate region, andpositive ends of the corresponding ones of the dipoles are orienteddistal from the gate region. In some embodiments, the first and secondends of the ferroelectric layer are proximal correspondingly to thesource region and the drain region.

In at least another example, a 2-bit storage device includes asubstrate; a source region in the substrate; a drain region in thesubstrate; and a gate stack over the substrate that, relative to a firstdirection, extends from the source region to the drain region, the gatestack including: a ferroelectric layer over the substrate; and a gateregion located above the ferroelectric layer; and wherein: first andsecond ends of the ferroelectric layer are proximal correspondingly tothe source and drain regions; the ferroelectric layer includes dipoles;the dipoles of the ferroelectric layer are asymmetrically polarizedrelative to the first direction, a first set of dipoles at the first endof the ferroelectric layer having a first polarization, and a second setof dipoles at the second end of the ferroelectric layer having a secondpolarization, the second polarization being substantially opposite ofthe first polarization; the first polarization of the first end of theferroelectric layer represents a first bit of the 2-bit storage device;and the second polarization of the second end of the ferroelectric layerrepresents a second bit of the 2-bit storage device. In someembodiments, the 2-bit storage device further includes: a dielectriclayer located between the ferroelectric layer and the substrate. In someembodiments, the ferroelectric layer is configured to be programmable.

In some embodiments, a method of writing to a 2-bit storage device witha ferroelectric field-effect transistor (FeFET) in a programming processfor programming the first S/D terminal includes: applying a programmingvoltage on the gate terminal, applying a first voltage on the first S/Dterminal, and floating the second S/D terminal. The method also includesthe first voltage is lower than the programming voltage.

In some embodiments, a method of reading a ferroelectric field-effecttransistor (FeFET) includes reading a second bit of the two bits from a2-bit storage device that stores two bits, the FeFET including a firstsource/drain (S/D) terminal, a second S/D terminal, a gate terminal anda ferroelectric layer, the second bit being stored at a first end of theferroelectric layer, the first end being proximal to the first S/Dterminal, the reading a second bit including: applying a gatesub-threshold voltage to the gate terminal; applying a read voltage tothe second S/D terminal; applying a do-not-disturb voltage to the firstS/D terminal; and sensing a first current at the second S/D terminal;and wherein the read voltage is lower than the sub-threshold voltage.

In some embodiments, the method further includes reading a first bit ofthe two bits, the first bit being stored at a second end of theferroelectric layer, the second end being proximal to the second S/Dterminal, the reading a first bit including: applying the gatesub-threshold voltage to the gate terminal; applying the read voltage tothe first S/D terminal; applying the do-not-disturb voltage to thesecond S/D terminal; and sensing a second current at the first S/Dterminal. In some embodiments, the method further includes: inferring a2-bit state of (0,0) when each of the first and the second current issubstantially zero. In some embodiments, the method further includes:inferring a 2-bit state of (0,1) when the first current is substantiallyzero and the second current is a significant non-zero value. In someembodiments, the method further includes: inferring a 2-bit state of(1,0) when the second current is substantially zero and the firstcurrent is a significant non-zero value. In some embodiments, the methodfurther includes: inferring a 2-bit state of (1,1) when each of thefirst and the second current is correspondingly a significant non-zerovalue.

The foregoing outlines features of several embodiments so that thoseskilled in the art may better understand the aspects of the presentdisclosure. Those skilled in the art should appreciate that they mayreadily use the present disclosure as a basis for designing or modifyingother processes and structures for carrying out the same purposes and/orachieving the same advantages of the embodiments introduced herein.Those skilled in the art should also realize that such equivalentconstructions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the presentdisclosure, and that they may make various changes, substitutions, andalterations herein without departing from the spirit and scope of thepresent disclosure.

1. A ferroelectric field-effect transistor (FeFET) configured as amulti-bit storage device, the FeFET comprising: a semiconductorsubstrate including: a source region in the semiconductor substrate; anda drain region in the semiconductor substrate; a gate stack over thesemiconductor substrate, with the source region and the drain regionextending to opposite sides of the gate stack, the gate stack including:a ferroelectric layer over the semiconductor substrate; a gate regionover the ferroelectric layer; and wherein: first and second ends of theferroelectric layer are proximal correspondingly to the source and drainregions; and the ferroelectric layer includes dipoles; and a first setof dipoles at the first end of the ferroelectric layer has a firstpolarization; and a second set of dipoles at the second end of theferroelectric layer has a second polarization, the second polarizationbeing substantially opposite of the first polarization.
 2. The FeFET ofclaim 1, further comprising: an invertible region extending through thesemiconductor substrate between the source region and the drain region.3. The FeFET of claim 2, wherein: a first portion of the invertibleregion is proximal to the first end of the ferroelectric layer; a secondportion of the invertible region is proximal to the second end of theferroelectric layer; and a channel band barrier for the first portion ofthe invertible region is different than a channel band barrier for thesecond portion of the invertible region.
 4. The FeFET of claim 1,wherein: the first and second polarizations of the corresponding firstand second sets of dipoles represent storage of 2 bits.
 5. The FeFET ofclaim 4, wherein: a first bit of a 2-bit storage cell is configured tobe read by application of a read voltage to the source region and ado-not-disturb voltage to the drain region; and a second bit of the2-bit storage cell is configured to be read by application of thedo-not-disturb voltage to the source region and the read voltage to thedrain region.
 6. The FeFET of claim 4, wherein: the first polarizationrepresents one of a first or second stable orientation state ofcorresponding ones of the dipoles of the ferroelectric layer, the secondstable orientation state being substantially opposite of the firststable orientation state; and the second polarization correspondinglyrepresents the second stable orientation state or the first stableorientation state. (Currently Amended) The FeFET of claim 6, wherein:the first polarization of the first end of the ferroelectric layerrepresents a first bit of a 2-bit storage cell; the second polarizationof the second end of the ferroelectric layer represents a second bit ofthe 2-bit storage cell; when the first polarization of the first end ofthe ferroelectric layer and the second polarization of the second end ofthe ferroelectric layer correspondingly are in the first and secondstable orientation states, the FeFET further represents a 2-bit storagecell as storing: for the first bit, a logical high value or a logicallow value; and for the second bit, the logical low value or the logicalhigh value; and when the first polarization of the first end of theferroelectric layer and the second polarization of the second end of theferroelectric layer correspondingly are in the second and first stableorientation states, the FeFET further represents the 2-bit storage cellas storing: for the first bit, the logical low value or the logical highvalue; and for the second bit, the logical high value or the logical lowvalue.
 8. The FeFET of claim 6, wherein: in the first stable orientationstate: positive ends of corresponding ones of the dipoles are orientedproximal to the gate region; and negative ends of the corresponding onesof the dipoles are oriented distal from the gate region; and in thesecond stable orientation state: negative ends of corresponding ones ofthe dipoles are oriented proximal to the gate region; and positive endsof the corresponding ones of the dipoles are oriented distal from thegate region.
 9. The FeFET of claim 1, wherein the first and second endsof the ferroelectric layer are proximal correspondingly to the sourceregion and the drain region.
 10. A 2-bit storage device comprising: asubstrate; a source region in the substrate; a drain region in thesubstrate; and a gate stack over the substrate that, relative to a firstdirection, extends from the source region to the drain region, the gatestack including: a ferroelectric layer over the substrate; and a gateregion located above the ferroelectric layer; and wherein: first andsecond ends of the ferroelectric layer are proximal correspondingly tothe source and drain regions; the ferroelectric layer includes dipoles;the dipoles of the ferroelectric layer are asymmetrically polarizedrelative to the first direction, a first set of dipoles at the first endof the ferroelectric layer having a first polarization, and a second setof dipoles at the second end of the ferroelectric layer having a secondpolarization, the second polarization being substantially opposite ofthe first polarization; the first polarization of the first end of theferroelectric layer represents a first bit of the 2-bit storage device;and the second polarization of the second end of the ferroelectric layerrepresents a second bit of the 2-bit storage device.
 11. The 2-bitstorage device of claim 10, further comprising: a dielectric layerlocated between the ferroelectric layer and the substrate.
 12. The 2-bitstorage device of claim 10, wherein the ferroelectric layer isconfigured to be programmable.
 13. The 2-bit storage device of claim 10,wherein: the first polarization represents one of a first or secondstable state of charge concentration attainable by corresponding ones ofthe dipoles of the ferroelectric layer, the second stable state beingsubstantially opposite of the first stable state; and the secondpolarization correspondingly represents the second stable state or thefirst stable state.
 14. The 2-bit storage device of claim 10, whereinthe first and second ends of the ferroelectric layer are proximalcorrespondingly to the source region and the drain region. 15.(canceled)
 16. (canceled)
 17. (canceled)
 18. (canceled)
 19. (canceled)20. (canceled)
 21. A ferroelectric field-effect transistor (FeFET)configured as a multi-bit storage device, the FeFET comprising: asemiconductor substrate including: a source region in the semiconductorsubstrate; and a drain region in the semiconductor substrate; a gatestack over the semiconductor substrate, with the source region and thedrain region extending to opposite sides of the gate stack, the gatestack including: a ferroelectric layer over the semiconductor substrate;a gate region over the ferroelectric layer; and wherein: first andsecond ends of the ferroelectric layer are proximal correspondingly tothe source and drain regions; and the ferroelectric layer includesdipoles; and a first set of dipoles at the first end of theferroelectric layer has a first polarization; and a second set ofdipoles at the second end of the ferroelectric layer has a secondpolarization, the second polarization being substantially opposite ofthe first polarization, the first and second polarizations of thecorresponding first and second sets of dipoles representing storage of 2bits.
 22. The FeFET of claim 21, further comprising: an invertibleregion extending through the semiconductor substrate between the sourceregion and the drain region.
 23. The FeFET of claim 22, wherein: a firstportion of the invertible region is proximal to the first end of theferroelectric layer; a second portion of the invertible region isproximal to the second end of the ferroelectric layer; and a channelband barrier for the first portion of the invertible region is differentthan a channel band barrier for the second portion of the invertibleregion.
 24. The FeFET of claim 21, wherein: a first bit of a 2-bitstorage cell is configured to be read by application of a read voltageto the source region and a do-not-disturb voltage to the drain region;and a second bit of the 2-bit storage cell is configured to be read byapplication of the do-not-disturb voltage to the source region and theread voltage to the drain region.
 25. The FeFET of claim 21, wherein:the first polarization represents one of a first or second stableorientation state of corresponding ones of the dipoles of theferroelectric layer, the second stable orientation state beingsubstantially opposite of the first stable orientation state; and thesecond polarization correspondingly represents the second stableorientation state or the first stable orientation state.
 26. The FeFETof claim 25, wherein: the first polarization of the first end of theferroelectric layer represents a first bit of a 2-bit storage cell; thesecond polarization of the second end of the ferroelectric layerrepresents a second bit of the 2-bit storage cell; when the firstpolarization of the first end of the ferroelectric layer and the secondpolarization of the second end of the ferroelectric layercorrespondingly are in the first and second stable orientation states,the FeFET further represents a 2-bit storage cell as storing: for thefirst bit, a logical high value or a logical low value; and for thesecond bit, the logical low value or the logical high value; and whenthe first polarization of the first end of the ferroelectric layer andthe second polarization of the second end of the ferroelectric layercorrespondingly are in the second and first stable orientation states,the FeFET further represents the 2-bit storage cell as storing: for thefirst bit, the logical low value or the logical high value; and for thesecond bit, the logical high value or the logical low value.